Corporate Social Responsibility: Coca Cola

Corporate Social Responsibility: Coca Cola In each and every company, corporate social responsibility is aimed at coming up with business processes that will have an overall positive impact on the society. The society expects that a company should improve the residents lifestyles by offering more job opportunities, good infrastructure, health care, education and some other aspects needed in the society. Companies need to consider the quality of their management processes and how they affect the society (Mallenbaker.net, n.d.). However, not always will the activities of a company affect the society positively. Sometimes the effects of some of the activities of a company may be negative where the operations. For instance the activities may lead to drought in the affected area, water pollution, production of unhealthy products to human bodies and many more. Coca Cola Company has got both positive and negative impact on the society and the need to explore these two sides is of great importance to enhance this understanding. Coke is based in United States and its headquartered in Atlanta. It was incepted in 1886. It is a multi-national company operating in more than 200 countries across the world (Economywatch.com, n.d.). This paper examines the Coca Cola Companys social performance, how it has affected the society both positively and negatively and then draws a balanced conclusion on the companys performance. Main body The Coca Cola Company generated $22 billion in net operating revenues in the year 2004 being the worlds largest beverage company. The company operates in many countries of the world and works with the community in which it is operating (Thecoca-colacompany.com, 2004). According to the companys annual report of the year 2004, it has got a great opportunity for growth in that it makes huge profits per day according to the beverages consumed per day. The companys main agenda is to meet the needs of the customers in terms of beverages through identifying means for connecting consumers together, with their communities and the companys brands. The unit case volume for the company increased tremendously in the year 2004 and several products were launched. The coca cola company engages itself with many activities which are aimed at assisting the residents of a particular company to live a good life and get services which are not offered by the government. The company accomplishes this through the established foundation known as the Coca Cola Foundation which was founded in 1984. The foundation is committed to developing and maintaining vibrant, sustainable communities to make the society a better home for man. Job opportunities are created in places where Coke is established and therefore the local people can afford a daily bread. The foundation ventures into different areas which are always difficult for the local communities people to maneuver. These areas are but not limited to providing clean and enough water to the community, ensuring health standards are observed, enforced community tendency of recycling to reduce the effects of the litter and finally it sees the poor children complete their school without necessarily dropping ou t. All these are good initiatives and programs carried out by the foundation and funded by the Coca Cola Company. With the realization that education is a major aspect to socioeconomic development, the Coca Cola Company has greatly invested greatly in this area to assist the students pursue their dreams. The main aim of the foundation in the community is to reduce the incidences of school drop-outs, enhancement of the reading and promote literacy in the community, grant scholarships and building educational infrastructure. In the United States, this Coca Cola scholarship program is the most respected and recognized which was created in 1986. Since the establishment of the program, more than 4250 scholars have benefited from this program which saw good utilization of the $38 million to fund this program. The Coca Cola Foundation is also charged with the responsibility of ensuring that the health of the residents of a certain community is catered for and improved. The foundation works closely with the health officers in the area and other experts to assist and educate the resident on the health issues concerning diseases like polio, tuberculosis, hepatitis and HIV/AIDS. The foundation has got the so called HIV/AIDS initiative which works to ensure the epidemic is managed and greatly reduced. The foundation is seeking more funding to spread this initiative to some of the African countries with high cases of this killer disease. The Coca Cola Company desire to help the needy is always their mission. During an event of a catastrophe in any area of the world, the foundation ensures they practice relief and recovery mission to ensure lives of people are not lost. The company provides bottled water, vehicles to distribute aid and also offer volunteer services. They offer the aid during and after the calamity has occurred. During the recent Haiti earth quake tragedy, Coca Cola donated $2 million to the red cross to assist in the recovery mission, water and other Coca Cola beverages to reach those who were in need. This program dabbed disaster relief and recovery was installed to help all those who needed critical assistance. The foundation engaged in community initiatives where water programs are put in place to ensure that a community is water sufficient and to balance the water the company uses in its production process. The company is committed to ensuring conservation of natural resources, conservation of the soil, water and climate which are the essentials of life on the surface of the earth. The activities of the company cannot leave a society unhurt in one way or the other in terms of the quality of the products, how it handles the employees and how the activities affect the environment. It is believed that the products of the Coca Cola Company are not so good in the body because of their constituent ingredients. Consumption of Coke products may lead problems like diabetes, obesity, tooth decay, heart disease and many other neurological disorders. Cokes products contain phosphoric acid which leeches calcium from the body and therefore weakening the bones. This has led to the increase in the cases of osteoporosis due to lack of calcium in the body. The dissolved calcium accumulates in the skin, arteries, veins and organs which ultimately gives the kidney a lot of pressure when exercising its functions and then later result in the formation kidney stones (ihealthstudio.com, 2008). Soft drinks from the Coca Cola Company contain a drug called caffeine which proves to be har mful to human health especially among children. Caffeine affects the central nervous system which causes disorders like insomnia, nervousness, anxiety and abnormal heartbeat. The soft drinks more so cause dental decay because they contain a lot of sugar which is the liked by bacteria. As the bacteria feed on the sugar found on the teeth, they give out excretions which react with the enamel of the teeth thus causing tooth decay. The company attracts a lot of criticism from different sections of the world in that it sells only sugared water and nothing else (Rothacher, 2010). Coca Cola has the most aggressive lawyers in the world who ensure the companys rules are adhered to regarding where and how to sell the coca cola products. The company has also been accused of discrimination and a case was filled in 1999 against the company for this offense. The company favored the Americans to the African-American employees in terms job promotions, allowances and recruitment. The company has bee n adversely criticized for the overexploitation and pollution of water in India and draining of large amount of ground water and turning most of the place in this country into virtual desert. The effect was so adverse that the Indian parliament banned the sale of Coke products in the country to reduce wanton destruction of the environment (Rogers, 2004). Even the water sheds that remained were seriously polluted that it was not fit for human consumption. As a show of goodwill to the residents, Coke distributed clean water in tankers to people after tampering with the natural sources of water. Conclusion The Coca-Cola Company has been involved in both positive and negative activities in the society. The initiatives that the Coke company undertake has enabled the people in those areas to lead better lives and afford most of the services that were otherwise just a mirage. The company is working tirelessly to ensure that the lives of communities are improved and their health too. The creation of the Coco cola foundation has made all the programs to come to reality for the most of people where the company is found. Therefore, there is need for the local residents to support what the company is striving to achieve because at the end of the day, they will be the beneficiaries. Without services like education, health care and agriculture the society would lag behind in terms of economic growth. It is with the realization of this idea that the Coca Cola Company has embarked on supporting these areas for better society. Even though the company performs commendable activities in the society, t he effects on the environment, health and human rights are much felt. The products cause health problems and therefore need not be condoned. Shortage of water in India and other parts of the world is as a result of Coke Company activities. There is need for the company to scrutinize these criticisms and act accordingly if at all they have a desire to stay in the market for long.

Business of Tourism

Globalization the process, accelerated by communication technologies, of turning the world into a single community & In particular, a single market. It has been described as ‘boundlessness'. Structural change a temperamental transformation tot some activity or institution which brings about a change in its essential quality. Or structure. It Is permanent, there Is no return to the prior level or state. Temporary change an alteration in a certain measure or condition In an activity of institution to which it is likely to return later.Causes for structural change globalization, competition, economic crisis, health crisis, social changes, customer preferences, war/ terrorism. Tourism market consists of all potential customers sharing a particular need/want, who might be willing/able to satisfy it by buying a tourism product. Sustainable development achieving growth In a manner that does not deplete the natural & built environment & preserves the culture of the local community.Sust ainable tourism all forms of tourism development, management & operations that malting the environmental, & concern Integrity & well being of natural, built ND cultural resources, Socio cultural a term used to Indicate impacts bringing about change to a social organization of a group of people as well as more fundamental reorganization of society organization. Sustainable transport doesn't harm the environment, or use resources that cannot be replaced_IEEE. Cleaner trucks/cars- alternative engines, alternative fuels (unleaded) non combustion systems.Reducing aircraft emissions-technology advances, regulations, air traffic management, dealing with noise-creating footprints e. G. Aircraft Boeing has a footprint of 14 SMS squared, airbus AAA noise footprint 1. Km squared. Travel ; tourism industry the aggregate of all businesses that directly provide goods and services to facilitate business, pleasure ; leisure activities away from home environment (smith 1988) Impacts of tourism = eff ects of tourism * Positive impacts = benefits of tourism * Negative impacts = costs of tourism * Impacts are often referred to as Sculptural Impacts, Environmental Impacts, Cocoon Impacts. Model a theoretical system of relationships, which tries to capture the essential elements In a real word situation. Modes are useful tools for general analysis, discussion and as an aid to understanding more complex systems. System an assemblage or combination of things or parts forming a complex or unitary whole. Descriptive models replicate selected features of a situation ; alma to show how It operates. Predictive models rearrange a descriptive model so that causes ; outcomes can be determined, predictive modes prescribe a pathway towards a certain outcome.Planning models allow for alternative course tot action to be evaluated. Key issues of models aim to simplify reality, select key issues to prevent ; explore, they deed to be applied, tested and reviewed regularly to maintain relevance. Poli cy – outlines a series tot desired outcomes and objectives (values) Planning – Examines alternative method of reaching those objectives Tourism Policy and Planning – For both the sort ; long term Is required to balance all stakeholders wants and needs Unplanned Tourism – Uncommon, unpopular, unwanted.Unhappy most community Has social/environmental/economic impacts Visitor Management – The strategies ; action programs used to control ; influence tourism supply and demands to achieved fines policy goals Planning ; operational techniques – site management ; people management Selective – Targeting visitors who are socially and economically more attractive to a destination or other destination Demarcating – Marketing designed to reduce or regulate the number of people visiting a location Objective – Specific, measurable results that an organization plans to achieve in a given period Strategies – the meaner of achieving objectives Tourism Involves: psychology, sociology, economics, anthropology, business administration, geography, ecology, law and education.Industry – Refers to a group tit similar economic output in terms of product Tourism Industry – Described in both terms of the production and consumption of goods and services Businesses in Tourism Industry Primary Trade – Transport, Hospitality, attractions, activities and retail Business indirectly involved – Petrol stations, bakeries, car dealer, banks, newsagents rent – Heavily involved but not included as part of the industry Tourism: The sum of government and private sector activities which shape ; serve the needs and manage the consequence of holiday and business travel the central activities so the overspent and private sector include promotion planning, providing services and preventing impacts Hospitality – Specifically refers to a focus on provision of accommodation and commercial catering se rvices Tourist – A person who travels from place to place for non work reasons. Promotion – Structure in the generating region: ticketing services, travel agents, tour operators.Need to influence potential tourists Transport – All meaner of traveling within the destination Infrastructure – Development that provides for tourism (ranging from large to small) Markets and destinations Markets are where the tourists are before they reach the destination * Market demand is affected by needs and wants * Markets need to be identified and defined * Information about the market needs to be gained Destination – the place that tourists visit and experience Key Characteristics of service – 1. Intangible (can't be sampled) 2. Inseparable (provider is part) 3. Variable (Individual experience) 4. Perishable (can't be warehoused) 6 Steps for Segmentation of Tourist Demand: 1. Identify 2. Profile 3. Rank 4. Select 5. Assign Priorities 6. Access Target Market Models can be: descriptive, predictive, prescriptive and planning

Inability Accurately Define Environmental Problems Environmental Sciences Essay

The term wicked environmental job is a word used in depicting the unsure, complex, conflicting and of all time altering nature modern of environmental jobs. With these characteristic characteristics of environmental jobs comes challenges such as ; inability to accurately specify environmental jobs, uncertainness of the cause-effect relationship of modern environmental jobs and replying the inquiry of whether or non to include public stakeholders in the determination devising procedure. The successful tackling of these challenges will be achieved by doing usage of an environmental problem-framing theoretical account to specify the job, recommending uninterrupted larning to bridge the uncertainness spread attributed to miss of cognition and eventually the inclusion of public engagement in policy determination doing to increase public consciousness of environmental jobs and easy execution of created policy. Collaboration problem-solving theoretical account incorporates a seven staged pr ocedure that can be applied to pull offing environmental jobs one time adhered to purely. The terminal consequence of this theoretical account is the creative activity of a horizontal theoretical account policy which is easy to implement in the direction of environmental jobs. Keywords: environmental jobs, uncertainness and coaction. Critically analyze the challenges presented by ‘wicked ‘ and ‘messy ‘ environmental jobs and discourse the deductions for the development of effectual direction policy and pattern. Use illustrations to exemplify both challenges and direction responses you believe to be most appropriate. Lancaster Environmental Centre EDEOGHON OTIBHO STEPHANIE ( January, 2013 )IntroductionThe term †wicked † environmental job is a word used in depicting the unsure, complex, conflicting and of all time altering nature of modern environmental jobs ( Rittel and Webber, 1973 ) .These characteristics are what make environmental jobs hard to understand, define and once and for all work out. The evil of environmental jobs are experienced in surveies of Climate Change, Biodiversity, Population, Natural Resource Management but to advert a few. Environmental jobs are classified as either bad or good result of chance, definitionless, varied and alone ( Rittel and Webber, 1973 ) . Uncertainty in environmental job resolution is defined as the unpredictable, intractable dynamic and equivocal nature of the job that makes it hard for adult male to specify and understand ( Sigel et al. , 2010 ) .Complexity stems from the multifaceted interrelating web of systems that makes it hard for a pick of preferred solution to be made. This may ensue in dissension between environmental stakeholders that is attributed to differences in sentiments, values and involvement ( Saarikoski, 2005 ) . Besides, environmental jobs are prone to alter which makes it hard to foretell the extent of its harm.ChallengeThe challenges faced in seeking to work out â€Å" wicked † environmental jobs are attributed to the functions played by complexness, uncertainness, struggle and alteration†¦ .Inability to accurately specify environmental jobsThe absence of a specific cause-effect relationship, sufficient informations and the many-sided nature of the jobs creates trouble in understand ing the job ; which constantly affects the ability to accurately specify the job. The many-sided nature of environmental jobs gives rise to the changing definitions being held by different stakeholders. Definitions could change from what causes the job, what solution would work and who should be included in policy development phase. The consequence of utilizing sick defined jobs to bring forth an every bit sick defined solution in work outing the environmental job is normally irreversible and poses hazard to the environment ( Bardwell, 1991 ) . The complexness of environmental jobs is seen in the interconnection of the universe ‘s different environmental jobs†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ ..e.g. in seeking to work out one job, environmental directors discover that the job is a nexus to another unresolved and ununderstood job.UncertaintyUncertainty in environmental jobs may be viewed as deficiency of assurance of facts of the job, chance of an result occurring and deficiency o f cognition about the result of a determination. Uncertainty can be attributed to the absence of sufficient and accurate day of the month needed to understand an environmental job. Uncertainty in environmental jobs is a subjective term as its definition is based on people ‘s perceptual experience of what it should intend. Uncertainty attributed to knowledge spread is an obstruction to work outing environmental jobs ; the stableness of the environment is dependent on human actions which are driven by the consciousness of the presence of that cause-effect relationship by worlds. The absence of cognition of how to reconstruct an unstable system back to its province of stableness will forestall actions from being taken and this will constantly take to the growing in instability of this system ( Biel and Garling, 1995 ) . This scenario can be likened to what uncertainness in environmental jobs can take to. With uncertainness comes deficiency of trust and a physique up of struggle b etween postulating parties with contrasting positions. Modern scientific discipline has reflected this uncertainness in the contrasting positions held by its practicians in their quest to specify environmental jobs and its causes ; this has led to the populace ‘s loss of religion in scientific announcements ( Ludwig, 2001 ) .Uncertainty is besides attributed to the invariably altering nature of environmental jobs. Example: Bitterroot, Blackfoot, Glacier and Upper Clark Natural Resource Planning ( Lachapelle, 2003 ) Example used for inability to accurately specify the job and uncertainness ) The Synoptic Model Approach was used in the natural planning procedure for the preservation of the four mentioned natural resource sites. The stakeholders were people involved in the planning procedure. The failure of the Synoptic attack was attributed to the inability of participants to specify the job hence set ends, the deficiency of trust between participants, the usage of structured formats and regulations to seek and work out the job which can be attributed to uncertainness and eventually the presence of administrative officials naming the shootings. The Synoptic attack did non work because it was built on the premiss that environmental jobs are structured ; hence, must be solved utilizing procedural procedure and rigidness. The attack is non a collaborative method of job work outing but a politicized theoretical account where administrative officials are the determination shapers.Should the public be included in determination devising?The pick of whether or non to include the populace in environmental determination devising has been undergoing a batch of argument in recent times ; if included, what degree of authorization should they be given in the determination devising procedure are cardinal inquiries that require replies in the quest to work out environmental jobs. The inquiry of what environmental job work outing technique is needed is asked, is it the â€Å" bid and control † attack which is in kernel merely administrative officials doing the determination or the â€Å" Partnership-collaboration † attack which is a corporate attempt by all stakeholders doing a joint determination ( Saarikoski, 2006 ) . Example: Chesapeake Bay. ( CSPO, 2003 ) A scientific attack was used in reding the authorities on policies to be created and redress schemes to be taken in returning the contaminated Chesapeake Bay country to it pristine province. The scientist defined pesticides, thermic and toxic wastewaters as the causes of pollution in the Chesapeake Bay. The authorities working on this recommendation created two policy understandings on the decrease in the usage of substances incorporating Nitrogen and Phosphorus. The creative activity of these policies did non significantly cut down the Chesapeake Bay pollution figures. The authorities as a last consequence decided to include all relevant stakeholders in the redefining of the job and solution development before a 3rd understanding it is in the procedure of doing is created. The scientific discipline based attack failed because the scientist were structured in their definition of the job non sing other beginnings of pollution and they did non include so public in the pursuit to acquir e a definition for the job or a solution.ResponseEnvironmental Problem-framingThe problem-solving frame work is an advisable tool that should be used in job definition and solution development. It is based on the application of cognitive psychological science in understanding the job convergent thinker, the job and redefining the job. ( Bardwell, 1991 ) The mental model of an single determines the apprehension and the category of solution that will be created to turn to a peculiar environmental job. The procedure of solution development starts with a scenario development phase for the simulation of the environment in order to understand the effects of different actions within the different compartments of the environment ( action-effect relationship ) . A criterion for mensurating ends choice and a investigation for likely solution is launched. A lucifer of ends with legion solutions provided is used to take the best solution for accomplishing the set end ( Bardwell, 1991 ) . The building of a structural theoretical account of the job makes it easy to understand and see the interrelatednesss within the many compartments of the job. This informs the manner and rush new information will be processed and readily applicable solution to the job will be developed ( Bardwell, 1991 ) .Continuous larningIn turn toing uncertainness attributed to knowledge spread a cognition spread reducibility technique of reading, institutional acquisition, confer withing experts and societal acquisition on the capable affair under consideration demands to be carried out. Social larning involves holding an apprehension of what the job is, its history, and its consequence on other stakeholders and what resources are available to work out the job. Social acquisition is enhanced by a willingness to believe outside the box, device ways of geting diverse cognition through information sharing with different stakeholders. With acquiring rid of uncertainness comes understanding of what the job is, its different constructions, procedure and functionality within the environment. This new apprehension and cognition drives the solution development procedure. One of the cardinal aspects of uncertainness is that is gives room for the creative activity of diverse definitions of the job by different stakeholders. Solving unsure and complex environmental jobs will necessitate the incorporation of flexibleness in the solution development theoretical account, communicating, mutuality acknowledgment, trust edifice and cognition sharing between stakeholders. Hazard Based Appraisals standards can be used in work outing uncertainness in policy discuss ( Saarikoski, 2006 ) . Example: Case of chlorinated H2O ( Driegder and Eyles, 2002 ) An Adaptive Environmental Management hazard based analysis was carried out on the hazard of malignant neoplastic disease and generative defects associated with imbibing chlorinated H2O as against the hazard of microbic infection associated with imbibing non chlorinated H2O. The treatment session took topographic point with interested stakeholders from authorities, public, faculty members and the wellness sector in attending. Through a procedure of arguments and scientific facts presentation, it was concluded that the hazard of undertaking malignant neoplastic disease and generative defects from chlorinated H2O was negligible to the hazard associated with imbibing microbial septic H2O. The recommendation made was that H2O chlorination should be continued until alternate agencies for H2O purification is developed. This method of environmental job work outing and policy determination devising recognises the built-in hazard in determination doing under conditions of uncertainness and derives agencies and methods to accommodating and larning from unsure state of affairss.Public Stakeholder IncorporationThe importance of public engagement in environmental determination devising can non be overemphasized. The incorporation of diverse positions on a peculiar environmental job creates room for the development of a broader and more across-the-board solution to the job. Public engagement in environmental jobs determination doing brings legality into the determination devising procedure, increases trust in authorities, general consciousness of environmental jobs and a decrease in the cost of policy execution ( Schusler et al. , 2003 ) The epoch of public engagement in environmental direction policy creative activity is an epoch of determination doing switching from a power based attack to a consensus an d deliberative attack. Example: The Bob and Fitzgerald Dispute ( Moore and Lee, 1999 ) The Environmental Dispute Resolution ( EDR ) Model was used in work outing wilderness direction differences between user groups and the forest direction bureau over the debasement of common resources and overcrowding of land country in the Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex and the Fitzgerald River National Park. The environmental difference declaration procedure had in attending all relevant stakeholders ( user groups and USDA forest service ) and it incorporated an eight staged procedure for difference declaration which included ; corporate categorization of the job, indecisiveness on what the following measure should be, concurrency on scheme, acknowledgment of confederation, ardour about joint chances, pledge to working together, meeting of groups and eventually the execution of devised programs. The result of the EDR procedure was an addition in communicating and trust between participant, acknowledgment of confederation helped in making better apprehension of the job and the participants, relationship edifice, better solution development and sweetening of policy execution.Collaboration as a Tool for Solving Environmental ProblemsOver the old ages a figure of environmental problem-solving theoretical accounts have been put frontward by different advocate of environmental direction but with small or no positive result e.g. the synoptic attack. The collaborative problem-solving theoretical account ( CPS ) was developed in 2004, by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as a tool for work outing wellness and environmental related jobs ( EPA, 2006 ) . Since its origin this theoretical account has gained evidences in the direction of environmental related jobs. The coaction theoretical account works on a seven staged rule viz. ; environmental job definition, community ability model, understanding framework/ strife declaration, partnership development, constructive battle, execution and assessment of procedure ( EPA, 2006 ) . The coaction procedure helps to turn to the challenges posed by environmental jobs such as ; inaccurate job definition, selective stakeholder incorporation and uncertainness. Collaboration as an advanced and holistic environmental job work outing tool brings people from different domains of life with different resources, values and educational background but who are all united with the exclusive end of continuing the environment for the sustainability of life together to work out†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦DecisionEnvironmental jobs as unpredictable and multifaceted phenomenon ‘s can non be solved with stiff regulations and standardised theoretical accounts ; hence, the demand for advanced thought and inventiveness. The development and execution of environmental direction policies and patterns is mostly dependent on the contrivers and the Godheads of the policies. The collaborative theoretical account explores the usage of integrating all relevant stakeholders in the determination devising procedure which invariable leads to the application of the horizontal policy creative activity theoretical account to make a policy that agreeable to all parties involved in the coaction procedure and to the general populace at big. The advantage of this is that determinations were jointly made and this gives legality to the policy, therefore doing it adhering on all concerned parties to follow. The horizontal theoretical account typed policy exhibits equity and the pattern of administration. However, the adoptability of the policy to mundane life will be enhanced by information sharing of its being and instruction of its contents and relevancy to environmental sustainability.

Senate Bill 420 Defining Prostitution And Separating The...

Senate Bill 420 would recast provisions by clearly defining prostitution and separating the buyers from the sellers. This bill not only defines the crime of prostitution but it also divides the crime into three sections: the involvement of the buyer, the involvement of the seller, and/or the involvement of a minor. Senator Huff first introduced this bill on February 25, 2015 where it was first presented to a committee on RLS, waiting for the approval to print. Freshly off the printer on February 26, 2015, the bill was accepted and began its journey through the Senate. On March 5, 2015 the bill was referred to the committee on PUB. S (â€Å"Bill History-SB 420,† 2015). On April 6, 2015 the committee read the bill for a second time and amended what Huff had previously drafted. This new draft was re-referred to the committee on PUB. S. On April 7, 2015 a hearing was set for April 21st. On April 23, 2015 this new draft of the bill was passed. On April 27, 2015, this drafted bill was read for a second time and recommended that it be amended. Once amended, the bill was approved for a third reading (â€Å"Bill History-SB- 420 Prostitution,† 2015). On May 4, 2015, the bill passed its third reading in the Senate and was ordered to the Assembly. On May 5, 2015, the bill arrived in the Assem bly and was held at the desk after being read for the first time. On May 22, 2015 the bill was referred to a committee on Pub. S. There was a hearing on June 16, 2015 where the bill was held in the committeeShow MoreRelatedSenate Bill 420 : The Issue Of Prostitution And Separating The Buyers From The Sellers1171 Words   |  5 PagesSenate Bill 420 would recast provisions by clearly defining prostitution and separating the buyers from the sellers. This bill not only defines the crime of prostitution but it also divides the crime into three sections: the involvement of the buyer, the involvement of the seller, and/or the involvement of a minor. Senator Huff first introduced this bill on February 25, 2015 where it was first presented to a committee on RLS, waiting for the approval to print. Freshly off the printer on FebruaryRead MoreSenator Huff Proposed An Act Of The Penal Code, Senate Bill 420 Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pages647b of the penal code, senate Bill 420. Senator Huff, California’s 29th district would like to amend this bill to clear the distinction between buyers and sellers of human trafficking and prostitution (â€Å"Human trafficking bill,† 2015). Currently there is no separation from the consumer requesting services than from the seller. Both, the consumer and individual providing services are just as guilty of the crime. The new bill proposal would direct more attention to the buyers, to collect verifiable

History And Formation Of Enron - 966 Words

History and Formation of Enron Enron was formed through the merger of Houston Natural Gas (HNG) of Houston, Texas and InterNorth of Omaha, Nebraska. HNG covered the Florida and California market, their pipelines running from east to west. InterNorth catered the Iowa and Minnesota market, their pipelines running from north to south. HNG was formed in 1920, providing gas to retail customers in Houston. The company sold its retail gas business in 1920 and ventured into the gas exploration and production business. In the year 1984, HNG had $3.7 billion in assets, over $2 billion in sales and booked profits of $123 million. In 1984, InterNorth had revenues of $7.5 billion. The reason behind the merger was that InterNorth faced the threat of a buyout by corporate raiders as it had low debt and high revenues. 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The Religious Beliefs Of Islam - 846 Words

Beliefs are important in Islam. Right beliefs about God, the universe, and humanity is of primary concern to Muslims. The Qur’an, the sacred text of Islam states, Righteous is he who believes in Allah and the Last Day and the Angels and the Scriptures and the Prophets (2:177). Belief in these doctrines, as well as many others, are important to Muhammad s followers, both past and present. On November 20th I had the opportunity to attend to a Muslim Mosque in which I learned a lot. Not only did I learn what Muslims believe in but I was able to watch how they pray and what their day of service consists of. Like Judaism and Christianity, Islam teaches that there is one God in the universe, giving Muslims a monotheistic worldview. Muslims believe that there is only one God in which they call Allah. Allah is one, creator, and sovereign. According to Muslims, God sent a number of prophets to mankind to teach them how to live according to His law. 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Synthesis, Purification and Identification of an Ester free essay sample

An ester was synthesized from the conversion of acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol. A mixture of isopentyl alcohol and sulfuric acid was separated and distilled to purify the ester. Physical properties were compared to known standards for identification. Purification through steam distillation was determined comparing a range of boiling points of a known compound and the mixture, which was observed at 134Â ° C. Steam distillation produced 12. 969g of ester. Theoretical yield was calculated at 19. 138g, resulting in 67. 77% recovery. It was detected that the ester smelled similar to bananas. Various methods of spectroscopy were then performed, including IR and spectras from HNMR, CNMR, COSY, and HQMC were analyzed to predict bond formations and structure of the ester. GS-MS was run to predict the percent of the product synthesized and its molecular formula. Molecular mass of the ester was 130. 19 g/mol. It was concluded that the ester formed was isopentyl acetate, C5H11O2. INTRODUCTION Esters are found in nearly aspect of life. Naturally occurring in animals as fats and in plants, esters are what give the flavor and fragrance of many fruits and flowers. They also make up a form of textile known as polyester. Esters are commonly used as solvents, added to foods and candies as artificial flavorings and included in perfumes and soaps as artificial scents. Essential oils are distilled from the leaves, flowers, stems, roots or other parts of a plant. They are highly concentrated and contain the pure essence of the plant. Essential oils are used most often in aromatherapy. They can be used as an inhalation treatment, as well as applied to the body. They can also be used as fresheners or as a natural pest repellant. Additionally, hydrosols, which are the aromatic waters that remain as a byproduct from producing essential oils by way of steam distillation, are also used commercially. 5 Esters are organic compounds formed from a reaction between an organic acid and an alcohol. Esters are synthesized through esterification. The process, also known as Fisher esterification, is a substitution reaction that uses an acid catalyst to produce an ester. Esters are isolated and purified by way of steam distillation. The steam vaporizes the volatile compounds of a natural product, which when condensed produces a liquid that can be collected and the ester purified. Further isolation is done by separation extraction. Steam distillation is an optimal way to separate volatile compounds from nonvolatile contaminants in high yield and is used extensively in the isolation of natural products. 3 Figure 1 shows the set-up of a steam distillation apparatus. 4 Figure 1 Esters can be identified based on structure and bond formations, in addition to physical properties. Spectroscopy is used to determine what ester has been produced. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is used to detect vibrational energies of functional groups of atoms present. IR spectra show each functional group vibrates at different wavelengths and frequencies of light. A database of IR spectra from a vast collection of compounds is used for comparisons when trying to identify an ester. The spectra will show characteristic peaks for specific bond types present. Another form of spectroscopy is known as nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR. It can determine the location of atoms such as carbon and hydrogen within a molecule using strong magnetic fields. The nuclei of some atoms act as a small magnet and can be aligned when in the presence of a stronger magnet. Radio waves are then presented to a sample in order to cause the nuclei to flip direction. Different atoms require unique wavelengths in order to be flipped. The peaks of these wavelengths can be analyzed to determine chemical shift, giving atom numbers and functional group information. Carbon NMR gives the number of unique carbons as a single peak on a spectrum, while functional groups appear based on what is attached. Electron density is the main factor when determining chemical shift. Atoms with fewer electrons appear downfield, such as carbon attached to a high electronegative atom. As more electrons shield the atom from the effects of the magnetic field, decreasing the energy required to flip the nuclei, the peak appears upfield. A reference point using TMS is always given. Hydrogen NMR, also called proton NMR, gives the number of unique hydrogens present. It also gives functional group information, in addition to giving the relative number of hydrogens using integration and the number of hydrogens on adjacent carbons. Peaks can appear split on a spectrum. This is due to the magnetic influence they have on nearby atoms. This splitting occurs only when there are hydrogens located on the adjacent carbon, but not when hydrogen is attached to other atoms. Peak splitting has specific names for the number of peaks present. One peak in a singlet, two peaks is a doublet, three peaks is a triplet, four peaks is a quartet and peaks with five or more splits is known as a multiplet with the number of peaks present given as part of the name. 2D NMR, known as COSY and HMQC GC-MS The following experiment was conducted to synthesize an ester through esterification, separate and purify the ester through distillation and identify the ester through spectroscopy to determine chemical structure and according to physical properties. The process of distillation is an ideal way to isolate useful compounds, such as esters, in a manner that will purify the compound and produce a high yield of product. This is an important step when attempting to synthesize esters for commercial use. Natural product extraction requires purity whether the sample is being used merely for testing purposes or if intended for public use. Separation of the product helps in maintaining its purity and presents the greatest likelihood of proper identification. Highly accurate testing through IR, NMR, GS-MS with a pure sample will determine the correct structure based on comparisons with known compounds and issue definitive results. RESULTS and DISCUSSION Synthesis is the process of combining separate substances to make a complete compound through chemical reactions. Formation of esters using Fisher esterification occurs by refluxing carboxylic acid and an alcohol using an acid catalyst. Fisher esterification is a nucleophilic substitution reaction where the reaction mechanism occurs in several steps. First, a proton is transferred from the catalyst to the carbonyl oxygen. The nucleophilic oxygen of the alcohol attacks the carbonyl carbon. There is an additional proton transfer to a second molecule of the alcohol. Water leaves and deprotonation forms the ester. The reaction is shown in the figure below. 2 Reaction mechanism IR spectrum C NMR H NMR COSY HMQC HQMC Expansion GC-MS GC-MS Theoretical yield was calculated using the molar ratio of the limiting reagent, which was 0. The amount recovered of 12. 969g was then divided by the theoretical yield of 19. 138g and multiplied by 100 to give percent yield of 67. 77%. The calculations below indicate the results. (reagent in excess) (limiting reagent) (theoretical yield) (percent yield) SUMMARY In conclusion, EXPERIMENTAL General Procedures Acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol were used to in the synthesis of an ester of isopentyl acetate by way of Fisher esterification. These were reagent grade products purchased for the experiment and used without need for additional purification. Analysis of the ester was performed using a GC-MS model 6890 N Agilent with 5975 inert mass selection detector. The oven temperature runs at 30Â ° C for 3 minutes, ramps up 20Â ° C every minute until temperature reaches 140Â ° C, which holds for 2 minutes. Injector temperature is 250Â ° C with an auxiliary temperature of 280Â ° C. The column used was HP-5ms capillary size 30m by 0. 25mm coated with 0. 25 microns of 5% phenyl-95% methylsiloxane based stationary phase. 10Additional analysis was run using a JEOL 400 SS NMR spectrometer. It contains a 400 MHz magnet and automates various NMR measurements such as two-dimensional NMR measurement and one-dimensional measurement of 1H and 13C or other nuclei. 11 The sample containing a small amount of ester and deuterated chloroform, Chloroform-d, was added to an NMR tube and adjusted into place in a spinner. The tube was wiped to prevent issues with spinning or incorrect data being processed with the sample. The spinner was inserted into the NMR and data acquired through processing software. The experiment was carried out according to procedures of Mohring, et al. from experiment 4 of the Organic Chem Lab textbook.